Search This Blog

Popular Posts

Labels

Showing posts with label museums. Show all posts
Showing posts with label museums. Show all posts

Wednesday, July 23, 2025

Basketball Tree - Amusing Invention in Bentonville, Arkansas, USA. See a brewery, bike trails, Bill & Hillary Clinton airport other attractions and events in Arkansas.

 


The Basketball Tree

The story goes that a little boy was wistfully dreaming of having a basketball net he could always use. A kind and enterprising man sketched out a design of a basketball tree, and built it. The original was placed in a public park, later moved to outside a  museum. The idea has since been copied.

Now you can see it in Bentonville, Arkansaww USA. It is being moved from a park to the local museum.

The museum traces the history of Walmart, the USA store. 

Wikivoyage found me no less than 8 museums in Bentonville.

Fortunately, one of the comments said the basketball tree was in a hotel museum. I tracked that down.  21cmuseumhotels.

21c Museum Hotels

21c stand for 21st century. The founding couple saw that their city had landscape being preserved and funded whilst hsitoric buidlings were languishing. They were into art and decided to renovate historic buildings as hotels and install modern art in hotels. New into old. Old into new. There are now half a dozen of these hotels, which have won several awards from Conde Nast. You can link up to them and learn about them in Wikipedia, Facebook and other places. 

Now, where exactly are they?Chicago. Bentonville.

Bentonville

Bentonville - how to remember the name? My husband quips, 'I was in Bentonville.' (A pun on the name of the UK prison, Pentonville.) 

The name Benton is the surname of a man who campaigned for the statehood of Arkansas..

Arkansas

The name of the state is pronounced ark - an- saw. Something to do with the French version of a native American name for a bow or arc shape on a river. If you ask for er-Kansas you will end up in Kansas.

The flag features a diamond because it is the only US state producing diamonds. The state is nicknamed the natural state. You can enjoy lots of trails, walking and hiking trhough the countryside. A seventeen mile loop along the river offers opportunitie to walkers, runners, bikers and hikers.

Where is Arkansas in the USA. It is south central, landlocked. Neighbouring states include Texas, if you want to make a two-state trip or a side trip.

When should you or could you go there? Unusual events include the annual toad race. And duck calling. 

The Toad Race

What's the difference between a toad and a frog? You are more likely to find frogs in fish ponds.Toads spend more time on dry land and have dry skin.

Duck Calling At Thanksgiving

So, to sum up, something for fans of history, the history of American shopping stores, sports - basketball, wildlife - frogs and ducks - unusual and jolly events. Finally, to get away from it all, trails. 

Where next?

Little Rock - Big Capital - People

The capital of Arkansas is Little Rock. Named after the landmark little rock on the Arkansas river. Nowadays travellers arrive at the Bill and Hillary Clinton airport. Former President Bill Clinton was born here. Note that Hillary is spelled with a double L, like her husband Bill and hill and will.  . 

Things to do, 'big in little rock', they say, are monuments and museums connected with black history, military hsitory and Vietnam Veterans.

See the monument of statues to nine black American students who enrolled in a white college and started the process of desegregation..  


To sum up, Bentonville is the place to be. Bentonville's attractions include numerous word starting with B, the Basketball tree, the Birthplace of Walmart, a brewery, and biking region. You arrive at the Bill and Hillary Clinton airport. 

Useful Websites

Wikivoyage Bentonville

Basketball Tree on you tube

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Do_yH-WTNUw

https://21cmuseumhotels.com/museum/orange-tree/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentonville,_Arkansas

https://www.grassycreekcalls.com/Duck-Barrels-s/1845.htm

Sunday, May 29, 2022

The best and worst of Cyprus and Greek-Cypriot Style Wonderful Wine and Food, Imperfect Plumbing and Power cuts

 

The best of Cyprus, like Greece, great wines, museums and archaeology. 

Wonderful Wines

We had a wine tasting at the Wine Museum. The wine museum had a video of stunning slides, plus straight-forward, but illuminating, stories about wine through the ages. Originally wine was stored in clay pots underground, with pointed bottoms to collect the unwanted debris of skins called the lees. (Getting rid of the lees is one reason for decanting or taking wine out of the bottle and leaving in a flask, nowadays.) 

Cyprus has a wine trail, numerous wineries open to the public, offering tastings for a small fee. The famous wine of Cyprus, Kommanderia, is named after the military commanders.

From the forts which you see around the coast, are a series of archaeological areas. Near Paphos, the small seaside town where we flew in, are the so called tombs of the kings. These ancient, king-size rock cut tombs, a short flight of steep steps down to an arched and sometimes open to the air area surrounded by one two or three niches which once held bodies and bones. No kings were around at the dates of these tombs. So I think of them as king-size.

This was free. You just register for a ticket. At the entrance are a small number of gifts. Books. And jewellery in the local style, rings covered with cloth. Great idea. I have some old rings whose tops are no longer shiny or of interest. I could cover them with cloth to match an outfit or co-ordinate. Inexpensive, as jewellery goes. About ten Euros.

Coffee - Cypriot

Cypriot coffee you might know of as Greek coffee or Turkish coffee. If you have eaten and drunk coffee in Greek, Turkish or Cypriot restaurants in those countries or London, England, or elsewhere, you will be familiar with the heavy grounds and great flavour of the coffee which can come ready sugared or half sugared or with no sugar. 

You find the famous worldwide coffee brands everywhere. Starbucks. Caffe Nero. The local version is called Cafe Island, with ecological actions and ideas at the centre of their marketing.

If you are not into alcohol or coffee, you can try Pomegranate wine.

Chris N Tsolakis, owner of the family business, the Rose Factory, near Rodon Hotel, Agros Village, Cyprus.  The factory makes rose liqueur, rose tea, and rose cosmetics and more. Photo by Angela Lansbury.
 

Marvelous Mezze

If you can't decide what to eat, opt for mezze, a mixture, a mini buffet. On our first evening in the large city of Limassol, further south east along the coast, we had a mezze. After the first course of hummous, taramasalata, beetroot, bread, yogurt dip (tahini), olives, I was already full and thought, that was a good, tasty filling meal. But that was just starters! The main course was grilled meat, kebabs, sausages and British style thick chips.

In the tourist places everyone speaks English, as well as other languages. Cypriots in the tourist industry are polyglots. When it comes to the main Europeans languages, Greek, English, German, French, sometimes some Spanish.

What else, apart from speaking good English, is left over from the British days? An English enclave marked on the map. Lots of UK visitors and hence the locals speaking English. Also, they drive on the same side of the road. You see Marks & Spencer shops in Paphos.

Limassol in the centre and coastal promenade road is full of outlet stores. Big name brands. Also seconds and second hand stores, and even charity shops.

I've left to the last what's not to like. Only fair to warn you what to expect and how best to cope.

Mosquitos

More than the UK, more than Singapore, where the government organizes and enforces fogging around major public buildings and private condos once or twice a week according the number of cases of malaria and dengue fever.

We took spray-on Deet. And Stingoes (sting goes) which we had to order in bulk from Australia or New Zealand. 

In Limassol we had so many insects and I had so many bites that I got up in the middle of the night and put on my Mosiquard high neck shirt, my face covering Outdoor hat, and my hiking trousers and thick socks. What I need is a roomy onesie in mosquito-proof fabric, or pyjamas with tight elastic at the wrists and ankles, insect-proof socks, maybe an insect-proof sleeping bag. I am sure a camping shop somewhere has something suitable. I don't want to set up a tent or mosquito net inside a hotel bedroom. Though some people travel with mosquito nets.

Toilets and Plumbing

I vividly recall going up to the American representative of New York at the World Travel Market trade show in London, when I was a London based very active travel writer. I asked her, "What would you say to a tourist who said, I don't want to go to New York or the USA. It has no history. I'd rather go to Greece."

She glared at me and replied loudly and angrily, "Greece! Two thousand years of democracy - and they still can't get the plumbing right!" She meant, in New York, and America, the UK and Europe, and most of the world, you can flush the toilet paper down the toilets. 

In Cyprus, like Greece, the pipes are thin, narrow. They quickly clog up. Signs above toilets warn you that you must throw the toilet paper in the bin beside the toilet. 

Yuck. Where does that smelly stuff go? 

Could an American billionaire set up a business installing large pipes and sewage systems in all the modern buildings being built in Paphos and elsewhere? Or would that simply pollute the sea? Maybe there's a business opportunity for somebody.

So now you know. What is good about Greece and Cyprus? Wine, food and archaeology are good. Mosquitos and plumbing need some prevention or precautions.

After the plumbing and pee, another P, power cuts. However, the hotels have their own emergency generators. When the garage could not give us petrol because the power went off the pump, grandad called a younger man who went to start the generator and we were away again. Some of the garages (petrol stations) had assistants who put the petrol in your tank and wiped your vehicle's windscreen. Like stepping back in time, sometimes bad, sometimes good.


Recommended - tips 

5 star

Casa Mespilea, Paphos, Greece. Highly recommended.

Caffe Nero, great.

5 star

Agrovino Lofou Studios, Cyprus. 

The huge rustic bedroom contained a fully equipped kitchen and washing machine. In the restaurant, the jolly owner played the bazooki. Highly recommended. He knows the owner of the Wine Museum, who often dines here.

Wine Museum, Cyprus. Highly recommended. The owner is also a pianist, composer and singer, who you can see singing on YouTube.

One star/Not rated

Eins, Limassol. 

Advantages

1 Fully equipped kitchen. 

2 Newly decorated. Red grouting in shower room.

3 Others loved it. 

4 Padded hanging wall pillows to protect your head

5 We agreed the location was great., 

Disadvantages

We left after one night, although we had paid for two, because of 

1 mosquitos, probably some repellent somewhere  in the large number of kitchen items in the under sink drawer. The rooms needed insect netting on windows, instructions to the cleaner not to leave windows open letting in insects, and English language catalogue of sprays listed alphabetically and place in a numbered box grid so you could find a fly spray.

2 noise from people leaving local bars, all through the early hours of the morning, on Friday night. We reckoned Saturday would be worse.

3 Lack of parking and no pull in. We created a traffic jam in the narrow street with people honking when we stopped to unload and next day to put suitcases into our car.

4 Claustrophobic and depressing View of back alley wall. Either ask the alley owner to paint the wall, or install flower pots, or install blinds with a fake outside view

5  Building site and scaffolding alongside and opposite. Alarmed me. Felt unsafe.

Come back. Please share links to your favourite posts.


Useful Websites

Agrovino Lofou Studios, 



Monday, January 7, 2019

Hanoi has it all, rich and poor, alleys, museum, free museum

Alleys lead to rooms at the back. The rental is still very high in this area.

Crowded and crammed with goodies, the shops in the lighter brighter state of the art museums such as the Ethnology Museum and the History Museum - old times section with shop.


Motorbikes for rent, motorbike tours. 

We went to Halong Bay and spent one night on the superb cruise ship, Stella of the Seas - ideal for a honeymoon.

The city has several backpacker hostels in the old town. Boutique hotels at moderate prices including breakfast. 

Or grand hotels. If money is not object, a lake view hotel, or a skyscraper hotel. Or the Apricot, where we bought a pot of tea and a macaroon at tea-time. We sat in splendour watching others enjoy their three-tier cake stand tea.

What's Free?
The police museum. 

Author, Angela Lansbury.

Saturday, August 25, 2018

Sharing Holiday Trips And Testing Friendships



You need an agreement before you set off. Who will do what. The budget.

Success Story
I had a holiday with a friend. We started each day with an outing we both liked, such as a museum we both wanted to see. Then both of us could pick an 'essential' activity for the afternoon or evening that the other person did not necessarily want to do. That way we never felt the other person prevented us doing what we wanted. Often the other person's choice turned out to be something we both enjoyed.

Interesting Websites
BBC story of best friends whose friendship fell apart as they drove across the USA.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/51d8b3ca-9e75-4b39-b52b-a85841256a2b

visittheusa.co.uk

Author
Angela Lansbury, travel writer and photographer. Author and speaker.

Saturday, January 20, 2018

Why You Should Watch The New Year's Day Concert From Vienna Now



Problem
The BBC repeat of the New Year's Day concert won't be up forever, as I explained in a previous post.

Travel Video Overhead
The new year's day concert from Vienna, capital of Austria, home of jolly Strauss waltzes, is on the iplayer in the UK now, but not for long. The video shows the great concert but also a wonderful travel video of the charms of art galleries and museums in Vienna. You start with aerial views over the city. Not a helicopter - must be a drone because it gets up so close.

Then you descend to the outdoor entrances. Now, you go inside for close-ups of statues, paintings and books.

An added romance is the girl on the bicycle riding through the city, meeting her boyfriend first in the street, then at every venue.

Concert Hall's Dramatic Decor
The video starts inside the grand and beautiful concert hall. The decor is stunning and traditional. Gilded columns and statues are along the side walls. Gilded faces look down from overhead.

Fantastic Fresh Flowers
Fresh flowers edge an organ at the far end. Banks of pink flowers, roses, frilly carnations and other flowers, edge the audience on the ground floor and the balcony level. Flowers on January 1st must cost a fortune.

Summary
See the video. If you don't know Vienna, it makes you want to visit for the first time. If you have been there before, the video makes you want to go back and visit Vienna again.

Author
Angela Lansbury, travel writer and photographer, author and speaker.

Tuesday, April 12, 2016

The joy of visiting museums

Europe and The Middle East
Berlin - refugees or immigrants, according to a BBC online news article, are delighted to find treasures from their past in a Berlin museum.

Here's a new aspect of the advantages of museums. Not just introducing your country's culture to others, but a reminder of home.

Europe and Greek Columns And Statues
I have never understood the demand by the Greeks for the return of the Elgin marbles. They are not short of statues or columns. I have been to Greece and every corner has relic.

They have too many. Not another column! Overload. Boredom. Yes, as for Greek columns and statues, after the first fifty you are completely tired of them.

Enough to give a column or statue to every country in the world and still have too many on display and in storage. I can understand asking for items in storage to be sent to a country which has no relics. This could be done as an exchange system worldwide.

Much better to have a few scattered about the world promoting Greece to other countries. Same goes for all countries. A museum enables children to enjoy countries of the world and the art, architecture and construction techniques of past ages.

Angela Lansbury, travel writer and photographer, author and speaker.
Need an article or picture? Contact me.

Thursday, March 3, 2016

Travelling to new venues? Check maps and stick maps in your diary.

I shall start by talking about the stress of changing a club venue, choosing a venue and supplying a map on your website for potential visitors. At the end of this post I shall talk about the importance of maps for yourself in finding a venue, and adding maps to your diary. Always carry with you a map, for example in the back of your diary. Staple it in to the inside of the cover or a blank page or between pages. Alternatively use transparent sticky tape or double sided tape.

 Keep a spare local train and street and bus map in your pocket for foreign visitors. (From any airport, or railway station. From a nearby hotel - either ask the concierge or take a free magazine advertising local theatres and cut out the map.)



A diary map of Singapore supplied at the back of a diary bought in Singapore.


Add another map using sticky tape.

I added a London tube map for England at the front of my diary.

Good Venues Two groups of people are in need of a new venue in London, England, and this has caused me to look at the problem we get worldwide when organising or attending an event and the importance of maps.

Harrow's The Bridge ClosingTwo groups in London need new venues, a Toastmasters International speakers' club, HOD, and a mental health support group. If I understand rightly, in London the Harrow Council (labour) has received reduced funding from the government (Conservative) and is proposing to close a building, as I understand it leaving the place empty for four years. 

I find the place stressful because Volunteers want to run the building which houses a unit helping those with mental health problems, providing a day centre. In the evenings it provides a venue for Toastmasters speakers group (used by two members or former users of the members of the mental health care group and two of its organisers. 

The building needs a new boiler costing about £20,000. It has been repaired twice and their is not funding.

The building has various items which belong to the Council, in effect the tax payers. These items could be sold to raise money or donated as compensation to the organisations using the building. For example, two computers, several desks, chairs, armchairs, posters, basins and toilets, mirrors, frames and pin boards, a screen, shelving, doors, door handles. Every item has a value. It could be donated to cancer research, removed by volunteers, auctioned by volunteers, or as a fund raiser for mental health or Toastmasters. If nothing is done, instead of recycling, this income will go to waste, these items will go to waste - literally. Loss of goods, loss of money, loss of resources, waste of council time and money at recycling centre. 

 Changing a venue is stressful for anybody. Many people put off visiting a doctor, dentist, hospital or even an optician. People wanting to join Toastmasters Speakers' groups (one of which meets here) to help gain confidence for job hunting and interviews, or immigrants wanting to learn or improve English, often put off visiting the group for up to 6 months. After a car accident or give birth it can be days or weeks before you even go shopping or out to post a letter or lift a pen to write a letter. David reported that amongst the vulnerable mental health patients using day care, one person had visible signs of scratching their face and another had other visible injuries. A change of venue is stressful. A loss of the venue is a disaster. David says we need local writers, the better known the better, to help publicise this cause.

Choosing A Venue
Our new venue needs: 
1 PARKING AND TRANSPORT
Parking for visitors. Proximity to public transport, a bus to the door and a nearby station. 
2 KITCHEN FACILITIES /and storage
Water tap, plugs for kettles, storage.
3 STORAGE for our paperwork - membership lists, agendas, magazines, pedestal.
4 SCREEN and AUDIO EQUIPMENT.
5 WIFI.
6 FIRE EXITS AND FIRE EXTINGUISHERS & NON_FLAMMABLE FURNITURE.
7 THIRD PARTY INSURANCE.
8 DISABLED TOILETS AND ACCESS
A website telling visitors how to find it, where to park, the front door, the caretaker if you are locked in the boiling or car park.  

MAPS - Singapore
Maps are important. The first time I attended a Friends of the Museum lecture on a Monday morning in Singapore I went to one of two adjacent museums where I was dropped at the wrong one by a taxi driver. 

If I had used a map and if at that time the venue had shown a map I would have arrived early. However, I arrived late. The venue closed the door because the venue is so designed that access is from two doors behind the stage and latecomers would interrupt the speaker.

A latecomer at one meeting, a committee member, parked on a double yellow line in London thinking no wardens would be out after 9 pm at night, and he was in a lay-by not obstructing anybody. He got a parking ticket.

Every year, for one reason or another, somebody gets a parking ticket at that venue. I got one, directed down a one way system which ends in a single bus lane. 

Latecomers
My view is that a notice outside should say, please wait until interval for admission. There should be two intervals, one about fifteen minutes after the start. Chairs should be placed outside the door. Two latecomers could sit and chat to each other or a designated gatekeeper (who could use the time to hand out leaflets on future events and membership). The chairs should be far enough away that the people outside cannot be heard from inside.

I lost a potential member of a Toastmasters Club in London, an American who had just arrived in London. I invited her to a contest in a further venue of our then Area (Stanmore), a train ride out to St Albans, quiet a distance. (Our Area is now part of a north London group in the Southern England District and the northern counties are another Area.

 She got half way and turned back. She knew that latecomers are not admitted to contests. She thought it would be a waste of her time arriving late. So she wasted her fare money and time and was left with bad feelings associated with our organisation and my particular group. We had somebody outside the door, missing the contest, waiting for her until half time. She could have sat in the pub, but that might have cost her money ordering coffee, not knowing if she was allowed to take it in.

How could all this have been prevented? It is still happening. We held a committee meeting this month in London. Two members told us at the last minute they could not come. One of them was a VIP, area governor, essential committee member, and had transport difficulties. I don't know whether the stress of all the travelling had made her ill, or whether she just could not face the effort of driving to an unknown place.

Another of our members used her satnav to walk from the station. She got lost, in the rain, and had to be fetched by another member. The whole committee meeting started half an hour later. The member who drove to fetch her was one vital committee member who had to leave promptly at the end of the meeting.

So even with satnavs on phones it is still a problem. In Singapore I check the venues by satnav and online maps. I can waste an hour of my time checking three venues to pick the easiest.

What saves me time is if the venue organiser has sent a map of the venue and parking instructions. Also the exit from the station. Many stations have several exits. When you are meeting somebody who arrives by car, you do not want to be stressed waiting at the wrong exit. Nor do they want to risk a parking ticket waiting for you whilst they phone to ask where are you and direct you to the correct exit.

I have been to several Toastmasters competitions where one of the competitors has not turned up. One got lost on the way to a contest in Cambridge, England. 

The organisers of a meeting are often very busy doing other things. Also organisers are often judgemental types. "They are adult. They can find it."

Contestants and newcomers are often stressed. Please help them by providing clear maps and instructions.

HELP NUMBER
The other thing you need is a help number. The toastmaster of the evening asks everybody to switch their phones to silent. But you need somebody by the door with a phone switched on and handy to answer calls from people who are lost in the building. Whether it's an exam or a Toastmasters Speakers' contest, people at your event have travelled long distances, speak foreign languages, and are stressed about the event as well as the venue. Please help them. That way you will have few no shows.

Finally, hospitals. At a large conference of 300-1000 people you are likely to have one person needing a doctor, dentist or hospital. They could have food poisoning, ulcers, miss their footing on the stairs, get hit crossing the road, lose a tooth, lose a filling. 

Hospitals
Have you ever arrived at a hospital and had trouble finding your way? I have, numerous times. In the UK, Barnet hospital, driving around looking for the morgue after my uncle died. 

At Watford, numerous times with different people visiting patients. You can't park at A & E (Accident and Emergency). You have to find another car park and have the coins for the meter. If you have an elderly or handicapped person they may be entitled to a discount parking card. At Watford you need a note from the ward, then a visit to the office issuing permits which was only open in the afternoon, but visits to wards were only allowed in the evening. 

In Singapore, at two hospitals, once when I burned myself cooking biscuits for a meeting. I tried to wipe the top of the oven, not knowing it had a grill hidden at the top. The taxi driver is driving around trying to find the right entrance.

In Singapore I was visiting evaluator for a speech at an in house club. We had instructions, entrance A. But the gatekeeper sent us the wrong way to entrance B. By the time we had phoned the organiser from the second car park,B, we were at the wrong end of the building. 

Fire Exits
When you arrive in a hotel, check the fire exit from your bedroom. Walk it with your eyes open, then your eyes shut. If the fire exit door has a warning that it is alarmed, you cannot push it open. Is it a push door and does it need a key? maybe the cinema / disco owner has locked it to prevent unauthorised entry. What would happen in a fire? How would you get out?

Check that nobody is planning to light flames. Do you have candles in a cellar? Will you have fireworks and flammable decorations? Does a member of the band plan to set fire to his guitar (like Jimi Hendrix)? 

Look at the outside of the building to check the fire exit is not blocked by stacked boxes or parked cars.

Fire extinguishing
Do you have fire extinguishers? What happens if the barbecue outside or the flamed food sets fire to a customer's hair or clothes? Maybe you should warn the building owner or performers or get them to sign a contract or take out insurance. 

Committee Meeting and Book Groups
When you hold a meeting, the venue owner needs a helper to distribute the agenda and organise refreshments. Even a committee meeting at somebody's house needs somebody in charge of fetching enough chairs whilst the householder is answering the door.

Airports
The same applies to airports. Which terminal?

The answer is maps and instructions. The taxi driver doesn't know. He doesn't know which airline you are catching, which flight or which terminal. Things could have changed.

Help yourself and help others so everybody arrives stress-free and on time. Happy travelling.



The out of date Singapore MRT (train) and LRT (light railway) map which came with the diary.


The London map I added.

DIARY MAPS
I bought a diary in Singapore for 2016 which had a useful map of the MRT (mass transit, that is the underground railway and linking overground around the island city). However, it did not have the latest line which was added in December 25  2015, probably after the diary was compiled.

I obtained a new map from the MRT station. I can add that at the back of the diary, folded to the size of the cover, attached with sticky tape.

You could do the same in your home city, or any city you visit on business or holiday.

More Information From
maps.google.com - worldwide
tel.gov.uk  - plan my journey UK

Angela Lansbury, travel writer, photographer.
AUTHOR of How To Get Out of the mess you're in.
Angela's Adventures are on this travel blog. Also see other blogs, follow this blog, like me on Facebook, link to me on LinkedIn, and watch me talk about restaurant etiquette and writing poetry and performing comedy on YouTube.







Friday, March 20, 2015

Food and wine museums worldwide - especially potatoes

I was checking on chocolate museums in Wikipedia, for my previous post, when I found Wikipedia's handy list of food museums. That's in addition to a list of wine museums. I didn't even bother looking for champagne or whisky - been there done that.

To my surprise and delight I also found potato museums. In Canada, French fries. I shall come back to this tomorrow, as at the moment we are all convulsed with laughter making jokes about potato museums. Is it an old museum? With old potatoes. How old are the potatoes? No, it's a new museums. With new potatoes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_potato_museums

Angela Lansbury B A Hons is a travel writer, photographer, author and speaker.